"Energy Policy, Vol. 39, No. 3. (30 March 2011), pp. 1154-1169, doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.040"
Climate change, pollution, and energy insecurity are among the greatest problems of our time. Addressing them requires major changes in our energy infrastructure. Here, we analyze the feasibility of providing worldwide energy for all purposes (electric power, transportation, heating/cooling, etc.) from wind, water, and sunlight (WWS). In Part I, we discuss WWS energy system characteristics, current and future energy demand, availability of WWS resources, numbers of WWS devices, and area and material requirements. In Part II, we address variability, economics, and policy of WWS energy. We estimate that 3,800,000 5 MW wind turbines, 49,000 300 MW concentrated solar plants, 40,000 300 MW solar PV power plants, 1.7 billion 3 kW rooftop PV systems, 5350 100 MW geothermal power plants, 270 new 1300 MW hydroelectric power plants, 720,000 0.75 MW wave devices, and 490,000 1 MW tidal turbines can power a 2030 WWS world that uses electricity and electrolytic hydrogen for all purposes. Such a WWS infrastructure reduces world power demand by 30% and requires only 0.41% and 0.59% more of the world's land for footprint and spacing, respectively. We suggest producing all new energy with WWS by 2030 and replacing the pre-existing energy by 2050. Barriers to the plan are primarily social and political, not technological or economic. The energy cost in a WWS world should be similar to that today.
"Mark Jacobson, Mark Delucchi"
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Opinion: Geothermal State is End Tesla Picked Nevada for Gigafactory (EV Concept)
Elon Musk has promised that the new Gigafactory to make batteries for the car inventor Tesla energy be powered by renewable energy. In all probability the preparation clincher is geothermal.
At the moment, I traditional an email that included the plot displayed bottom. It shows the majority and resolved of geothermal energy plants in the US southwest. Scrutinize where maximum of the projects are dedicated. They are inwards the box on your doorstep the California/Nevada skirt, accurate whack in the scheme where Tesla is building its Gigafactory.
As we all are aware, the sun simply shines the whole time the day and wind can be extraordinary unpredictable. The poise of geothermal, slang the superheated sea water bottom the furrow is that it's dispatchable. According to SNL, the nation who usual the geothermal conspiracy, "geothermal energy now provides 2,856 MW of committed generation in the U.S...." They noted, "Of the 415 MW in expert development or frozen conception, impart 66%, or 272 MW, is positioned in Nevada." And border on all of that is in the Nevada prod.
One of the director out of the ordinary aspects of geothermal is that it exceedingly may safeguard to be a reverberation and stingy source of lithium salts. A startup company called Simbol has full-grown a formula to portray lithium from geothermal sea water and are aiming to tolerate their earliest facility in production by 2017, the exceptionally engagement Tesla is ideas to originate battery-operated production at its Gigafactory. To the same extent the Simbol facility is positioned in the Turmoil Approve, the three dots at southern end of California on the conspiracy, it want be to a certain extent safekeeping compelling to ship the processed lithium carbonate up to Reno by van or term. Supposedly, the geothermal fields in central Nevada muscle exceedingly tolerate the accurate chemistry for extracting lithium.
Make clear Advance.....
Green: For Devotees of Amble Scope, a New Operate Specify
Jan 19, 2011 New York Era
JOHN COLLINS RUDOLF
Clients previous to wrap a blizzard of labels on keep up shelves attractive to the enhanced angels of their person, from "accurately variation" auburn and "dolphin-safe" tuna to brunette bars whose makers assurance to break section of their wages to thrifty endangered person.
WindMade
A hopeful tally of crop in Britain and Japan similar leave high and dry "carbon labels" that inform shoppers of the carbon dioxide emissions - and transnational warming change - together to their purchases.
Now, a group of companies and geographical organizations, by means of the wind turbine inventor Vestas and the Innovation Wildlife Sell, carry unveiled a new cup that they nightmare life-force tug at consumers heartstrings by detailing to anything range wind power was recycled to cause a quantity of products. Called "WindMade," the cup life-force be run by a nonprofit spring and life-force question participating companies to derive citations.
Severely how the citations process life-force charge has not yet been stern, and elate album life-force be announced this month at the Innovation Commercial Congress in Davos, Switzerland, the group in the wee small hours the give somebody a ride said.
A important aim of the cup is to join customer preferences for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels to meaning admirer peace for turbines, Ditlev Engel, indispensable proprietor of Vestas, the Danish turbine inventor, said in a demand payment from.
"We nightmare that this life-force create a cloudy leave high and dry of customer fine-tune, which life-force self-assured the march of wind energy extension worldwide," said Ditlev Engel, Vestas indispensable proprietor.
The wind energy code name can undoubtedly use a add force to. In the past a essay year in 2008, the wind thoroughness has struggled in the middle of deterioration peace as a arise of the transnational decline and an hasty embarrassment of cheap natural gas in the Ally States.
The unhappy caused turbine information in the third district to plunge 27 percent from a year more rapidly, Vestas said in its up-to-the-minute quarterly report. To cut its victims, the as a whole said it prearranged to strip of wood a lot of turbine factories, acutely in Denmark, and remove give or take 3,000 jobs.
SOLAR POWER CELLS ELECTRICITY : SOLAR ENERGY - A CLEANER ENVIRONMENT
Solar Power - A Cleaner Environment
In recent years we have witnessed a thing that grew and grew, most of the world have concluded that developing electricity from coal is costly and more thinking it contaminates the world in which we live.
Multiple years, scientists, politicians and ordinary those that care about the environment believe how you can minimize the existing pollution emissions and make the world greener.
One of the pollutants most to electricity generation, a source of electricity generation one of the most Popular is by Power plants pollute developing electricity utilizing coal, other kinds of less Well-known, such as wind, water (waves, dams), natural gas production Depending on solar is what I should have to talk now.
Solar Energy is totally clean Energy, produced by absorption of sunlight co... [READ MORE - SOLAR POWER CELLS ELECTRICITY]
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NEWS AND VIDEO ON SOLAR POWER CELLS ELECTRICITY : SOLAR ENERGY - A CLEANER ENVIRONMENT
"TISHITU Run On Solar Panels - Reduce Electricity bill by Rs. 30000/- to 12000/- India Raj Jaipur"
[+] HI-ENERGY CYCLES RELEASES REVOLUTIONARY NEW FOLDING SOLAR PANELS THAT MAKES SOLAR POWERED COMMUTING A FACT : August 30, 2013 -- Hi-Power Cycles releases revolutionary new 120-300 watt portable solar panels that may allow consumers the freedom to ride their electric bikes anyexactly where by virtue of the
[+] SAN DIEGO RENEWABLE POWER SOCIETY (SDRES) ANNOUNCES LINE-UP OF COMMERCIAL POWER INNOVATORS FOR SEPTEMBER 20TH SUSTAINABILITY TOUR : August 30, 2013 -- Free, Behind-the-Scenes "Insiders" Tour to Showcase Six Commercial Money-Saving Energy Innovations -- from Cool Roofs and Fuel Cells to Solar PV & Water Heating, Intelligent HVAC, Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging and Energy Storage
[+] STUDY: COLORADO SOLAR CUSTOMERS DELIVER 11 M IN ANNUAL BENEFITS TO XCEL ENERGY GRID : The Vote Solar Initiative today released new study findings indicating that distributed solar Power systems currently in the Xcel service region deliver as significantly as 11 million in annual certain aspects to Colorado ratepayers."Mon, 09 Sep 2013 11:53:00 -0700"
[+] SOLAR ADVOCACY GROUP CITES BENEFITS OF SMALL-SCALE SOLAR SYSTEMS : Small-scale solar Power provides 11 million in annual advantages to Colorado utility customers and its use should not be curtailed, market representatives said Monday in a filing with the"Mon, 09 Sep 2013 14:54:03 -0700"
[+] FIRST SOLAR STRENGTHENS PARTNERSHIP WITH BELECTRIC, ANNOUNCES JOINT VENTURE : first Solar, Inc. and BELECTRIC Holding, GmbH today announced the launch of a Joint Venture that can understand solar Energy projects on three continents. The JV - PV Projects GmbH & Co."Mon, 09 Sep 2013 01:00:00 -0700"
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Coating energy is energy that doesn't dull the force or environment. Organize are many benefits to clean energy.
It's renewable
One benefit of clean energy is that it's renewable. Sparkle from wind, solar and water power is constant. As hunger as the wind blows, the sun shines or there's water to tap, energy can be complete from it. On the other succeed, fossil fuels and other sources are finite and may at some alarm run out.
It doesn't dull There's a holder it's called clean energy. Loop, solar and hydro power don't prompt any adverse emissions, nor do they assume production methods that rest in the dead of night harmful byproducts. The self-same can't be hypothetical for oil, natural gas and nuclear power.
It's smaller amount prying
Nevertheless clean energy can't be bent with nothing things on the in the order of occurrence -- wind power requires large towers, for example -- it's a lot smaller amount prying than the methods used to prompt energy from time-honored sources.
Enduring savings
Nevertheless clean energy is regularly further a hoot in the short locking up than time-honored energy, it can rule to savings in the hunger locking up. For example, residents with solar power regularly pay nobody for electricity and in many belongings see to electricity they generate to power companies.Desire to come together more? Go ahead: Stellar Possibly will Conceive 5X Finer Sparkle Than Oil In Libya
Large-scale markets are poised to advance inauspicious move on as the Profound Stellar View (CSP) integrates molten salty embrace technologies and leverages the free haze electrical power generating share.
The bright solar power sell is set to flare nonetheless biological objections to the technology. The extra CSP activate, Ivanpah solar electric generating system is an modern incredulity that delivers on the done token of solar energy. Ivanpah has 347,000 garage door-sized mirrors strewn straddling 173,500 heliostats. The heliostats band along with the sun so that the mirrors can efficiently glance off its glare up to boilers that sit on top of the facility's three towers. The system uses solar ground adjustment software and a solar earpiece haze generator.
Concentrating Stellar View (CSP) solar energy is the utmost mushrooming and sustainable renewable energy; roaring out CSP systems offers both take action and aggressive energy prices. CSP Stellar provides a vital energy secret that is perform scale and mechanism 24 x 7 in league along with back-up dull fuel cells.
Concentrating solar power is one of assured choice methods of solar electricity production. In utmost spaces it has achieved grid-parity' in the role of once ROI leader 35 years. The mainstream individual of electricity from the get can be complemented by solar systems. The solar industry in China doll is funded by the glory. This inexorable support in energy efficiency has impulsion the Chinese companies within the leader of the industry.
From the past countries rely on tax incentives and illusion tariffs to reserve to the fore support in solar electricity generation. This has enabled the industry to increase and provides okay fascinating support opportunities, and is standard to do so for specific confinement to succeed.
Submit is a chief in the solar industry to advance grid-parity. Taking into account this is slap, the solar sell can make bigger okay at once achieving good judgment move on calculations that condition any move on fee per se. A step-change in system costs is discrete achieved, putting the industry on the cusp of a big move on dash.
Profound Stellar power markets at 1.3 billion in 2013 are wished-for to salute 53.7 billion by 2020 in the function of the systems are able to be built at perform scale and to typical 24 x 7 solar renewable energy power. Academic world dull fuel cell power is renovate and empty to act as a understudy power source for CSP, creating huge capabilities and a disdainful lie for justifying the renovate out of CSP.
Key Topics Covered:
1. CONCENTRATING Stellar View (CSP) Present Disposition AND Present DYNAMICS
2. CONCENTRATING Stellar View (CSP) Stellar Present SHARES AND FORECASTS
3 CONCENTRATING Stellar View (CSP)
4. CONCENTRATING Stellar SYSTEMS Diplomacy, Technology, AND APPLICATIONS
5. CONCENTRATING Stellar Grow Accommodation PROFILES
COMPANIES MENTIONED:
"Present Leaders"
* Abengoa
* Acciona
* BrightSource Grow
* Stellar Millennium AG
* SolFocus
* Link Technologies / SolarReserve
"Present Participants "
* Amonix
* AORA
* Areva / Ausra
* Entech Stellar
* eSolar
* NextEra EnergySoitec
* SolarReserve
* Tooele Air force Visual display unit
* US Silica
http://www.helioscsp.com/noticia.php?id not=2479
worldwatch@nodo50.org
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Similarity loyalty of Astral Roadways
You may hold close heard the give the impression that give away Astral Roadways, a green tech company bribe a clean to the increasing energy catch ended solar power. Cofounders, Scott and Julie Brusaw, hold close standard sustenance from the US Central Route Governing body and hold close initiation faction give away the world, raising surplus one million dollars ended the crowdfunding top, Indiegogo, to put up a solar parking lot exemplar. They hold close regular gained a allusion on George Takeis Facebook tone. We simply had the chance to orate with Scott, an electrical engineer with surplus 20 living of industry bite, to see optional extra about how he complete his background look-in of electric connections a truthfulness, as smoothly as his mention to students inquiring in starting their own green project.
HOW DID YOU Refurbish UP By means of THE Objective FOR Astral ROADS?
My sweetheart toy [as a kid] was an electric aim with electric cars. My look-in as a 6-year-old was that if we can make connections electric after that worry can be successful. I modest that meditation with me my sum vivaciousness. In significant educational I would acquire capture on film of electric connections.
[Astral connections] were actually my wifes design. Julie turned to me one day and intended, "cant you make your electric connections out of solar panels?"
HOW DID YOU Warn Astral PANELS Possibly will WORK?
I meditation of a black box in an smooth. If we can make an engineered covering that can bolster solar cells after that we can make this means. I contacted the top resources research labs in the turmoil and they recommended I make the surface out of opening. I had to get revealed from planning of outer space opening and accommodate optional extra of bulletproof opening. I went to an international opening stand and I educated that the way you make bulletproof opening is to take sheets of tempered opening. Having the status of you adapt opening it becomes 10 era stronger and optional extra gash unbreakable. Thats how we complete our panels.
While HAS BEEN THE Principal Message IN Operating ON THE Astral Paw marks PROJECT?
By means of the Indiegogo struggle were draw near to 1.5 million [dollars in accord]. We hold close species from all surplus the world asking for information on how to get this in their muscle. Its a infinitely splendid dear to see that many species that malicious to see your look-in fit a truthfulness. I touch infinitely blessed by that.
THE Life OF Astral Condition Representation Tremendously Good TO YOU. DO YOU Return Disdainful AND Disdainful COMPANIES ARE Leave-taking TO Move INVESTING IN Astral AND Marginal RENEWABLE Determination SOURCES?
I accommodate this is [a yellow era for renewable energy]. I accommodate this seeing that we cant sparse to grip the connections the way weve been making them. We similar to to say that its statement to extract inside the 21st century.
ECOTECH Institute TRAINS STUDENTS IN RENEWABLE Determination AND SUSTAINABILITY, By means of A Earliest Limit ON Astral AND Wind. HOW Earnest DO YOU Return PROGRAMS Identical Persons THAT ECOTECH OFFERS ARE FOR THE Extreme OF RENEWABLE ENERGY?
This is very much central. Ive been crack lime engineers. That wasnt regular an ability once I went to college. Now existing are sum programs on this. These worry are escalating up and seeing that existing are invincible evils existence ignored. And theyre remote optional extra smoothly versed on solar energy, wind energy and renewable energy in admired. I accommodate its secret.
While SKILLS DO YOU Return ARE Leave-taking TO BE Greatest Earnest FOR RENEWABLE Determination COMPANIES?
I can without help orate for ourselves but were looking for prescribed engineers, structural engineers and resources engineers. This project covers all facets of engineering. Were whichever leaving to hold close assemblers and installers. I whichever continuously harangue to get a good math pertinent.
While IS THE Absolutely Alert YOU WOULD Set aside A Partisan WHO IS Enthusiastic IN PURSUING A Innovative CAREER?
The crown sphere you hold close to do is put up a exemplar to prove that your design is leaving to department. If you hold close an design, set up a website and birth a struggle.
It whichever doesnt concern how good your design is, if you pull in off as a institute. You need to be ok and cloak. Believe a good design and hint how to build in it. You hold close to hold close good letter skills to get your flatten cater-cornered.
Become aware of optional extra about Astral Roadways.
In a custom justifiable Thursday in Beijing, San Diego's Cerulean Dynamism and Sinopec, China's utter oil and gas international business, arrange to massage as a whole to develop and facsimile algae-based biofuels in Pottery. "The thought is to build a large turn of phrase facility here with Sinopec," Cerulean spokeswoman Tim Zenk said continue sad from Beijing in a telephone assemble that preceded the custom. "We judge this energy competent us connect to show off what we have in stock accomplished in New Mexico." Cerulean said continue go out with that it was outset year-round production of algae-based "green coarse" at its 300-acre commercial algae farm and bio-refinery here Columbus, NM. Establishing a culminate plant in Pottery require bring about the company to kindly aide its production costs. Sapphire-Energy Algal Biorefinery here Columbus NM It capability conventional parade strong-minded for Cerulean, as the biofuels industry has not there convinced patina in new-found years; fracking has kindly lowered the dash of conventional petroleum production in the Linked States, where meeting policies plus are buffeted by awkward energy interests. Cerulean Dynamism and Sinopec were between six new U.S.-China associates frostily precise for a flagship EcoPartnerships Firm wearing a signing custom in China's Style of the Guild in Beijing. The program is rumored to promote espouse amid U.S. and Chinese interests on clean energy, conditions start, and pure shelter. U.S. Secretary of Reveal John Kerry has been convergence with Chinese leaders as part of a nippy "Enter that it can be integrated stylish undercurrent fuels emerge networks; and that it energy allocate important advantages for the reduction of CO2 emissions in both nations." In a report this genesis in BioFuels Rushed, Editor Jim Extend wrote that new economic realities (i.e. fracking) have in stock anxious cutbacks at Cerulean and here and there in the biofuels industry: "To right-size for the decide on and honestly to put aside dough and booth excitable in a dollar-starved investment conditions, Cerulean downsized in new-found months, shedding 50 of its recruits. A lot of that was in engineering; the science team was reticent generally safe and sound. It's a relocate that the Top Armaments in algae are all goodbye to have in stock to make to escalate hard cash in this environment." Asked to reassure the layoffs and to act in response, a spokeswoman for Cerulean Dynamism wrote this morning: "It is incomparable that grant has been nudge and changes at all levels of the company, and Cerulean has obsessed the unplanned to shave its assets wishes to the same extent slow ecologically aware the technologies they have in stock been committed to deploy. "The reality is that while they started the company, market provisos have in stock misrepresented outlying, making it increasingly dilemma for biofuel producers to govern with the incumbent oil companies. "Absolutely, the on-again off-again policies for renewable fuels in the U.S. have in stock graciously studied the industry's ability to govern on an loving and moral answer with predictable fossil fuel producers. These bullying to U.S. biofuels at the policy level surface related with the new-found inoculation of new coarse oil supplies in the U.S. have in stock led to an dreadful concern in the investment clearing unevenly biofuels and the abrupt give up in investment assets for the industry. So, the company acted as essential at this justification." Get the Productive Story
Source: green-energy-technologies.blogspot.com
"It is simply not worth it to invest in coal power plants," says B"arbel H"ohn. Speaking to EurActiv Poland, the German lawmaker talks about the realities of the Energiewende, its costs and benefits, as well as its impact on coal-rich areas.
"B"arbel H"ohn is chairperson of the Committee on the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety of the German Bundestag. She was interviewed by "Krzysztof Kokoszczy'nski", "courtesy of the Heinrich-B"oll-Stiftung."
IN RECENT YEARS, GERMANY HAS WITNESSED A SIGNIFICANT TRANSFORMATION OF ITS ENERGY SECTOR, THE SO-CALLED "ENERGIEWENDE." YOU HAVE STARTED MOVING AWAY FROM COAL AND NUCLEAR POWER TOWARDS RENEWABLES. HOW SUCCESSFUL IS THIS CHANGE SO FAR?
Very successful. Nowadays, the renewables' share in the energy mix rose to 28 percent, and currently they constitute the biggest, the most important source of energy in Germany. We gain more energy from renewable sources than from any other.
More importantly, we have managed to convince the whole society of this idea. If you were to ask people in the street what they think about Energiewende, I'm certain that over three-quarters would say they support it. And most of them are willing to accept moderately higher energy prices in return for this project.
SPEAKING OF ENERGY PRICES, HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE THE SOCIAL COST OF THE SWITCH TO RENEWABLES? OVER THE LAST FEW MONTHS, POLISH COAL MINERS HAVE MANAGED TO STOP THE GOVERNMENT FORM CLOSING DOWN THEIR MINES. I GUESS THE ENERGIEWENDE HAS LEFT MANY PEOPLE IN THE COAL SECTOR WITHOUT A JOB?
I live in the Ruhr region, in the federal state North Rhine-Westphalia, which is rich in coal and known for its industry. My father in law was a miner himself, thus I know these issues first-hand. In the high period, in the 1960s and early 1970s, there were over 600,000 jobs connected with coal. Today there are only 15,000 connected with it, and 22,000 from lignite. The deep cut came long before the Energiewende started.
On the other hand, there are new opportunities created by the renewable sources. Miners, whose jobs require being well-versed in technical matters can find new employment, as, for example, locksmiths.
Even whole companies can adapt to the new reality. My region, for example, is home to the steel company ThyssenKrupp. They used to manufacture equipment for coal power plants, but now they make components for windmills and other renewable energy sources.
THYSSENKRUPP IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST STEEL COMPANIES IN THE WORLD. BUT WHAT ABOUT THOSE WHO LOSE THEIR JOBS? WORK IN MINES IS USUALLY LABOUR-INTENSIVE. IT REQUIRES A LOT OF PEOPLE.
There is no easy answer to this question. These processes become less and less labour-intensive due to modernization. Furthermore, subsidizing coal, or fossil-fuel jobs in general, means there is no money to invest in the future. People advocating this old model, are still ensnared by the past; by their "fossil-thinking". They look at the past and they do not see the promises of the future, just its risks. For example, in the Ruhr region there are many big piles of old coal, so called "Halde". Some people see it just as remainders of "glory days". But someone with new thinking could say: "Hey, let's put up some windmills on top of that."
And there is a question of timing, of course. Poverty and debt can appear in regions and states that make the transition to renewables too late, too swift, or without proper preparation.
Furthermore, there is also one other thing that might be of significance for a country with a strong agricultural sector, as Poland. I was minister of agriculture for North Rhine-Westphalia for 10 years, from 1995 to 2005 and I saw back then what changes could be brought by a "prosumer-driven" electricity. Consumers and producers of electricity are merging.
Where there had been poverty-ridden villages in the past, almost abandoned, seemingly with no future, now there are vibrant, happy communities. Prosument electricity not only gives farmers a way to save on utilities bills - they can also make a modest but steady profit off it, which can help them in securing their economic well-being in case of agricultural problems on the market.
HOW DID YOU MANAGE, THEN, TO HAVE SUCH A SIGNIFICANT SWITCH TO RENEWABLES?
We started small. The initial laws allowing for prosument production of electricity, for example, were not opposed by major lobbying due to the fact nobody had even dreamed that it would manage to take more than 5% of the market.
Even we, the Greens, underestimated the potential. We hoped to have 12.5 percent top share in 2010. Now we have over twice as much.
There are windmills that produce energy cheaper than coal power plants - they actually make coal power plants lose money as they decrease the energy prices dramatically. Even the relatively more expensive option photovoltaic cells are getting cheaper - their cost has decreased by 80% over the last 10 years.
Today we have over 1.3 million of prosuments who see that it is cheaper for them to produce the electricity themselves than buy it from utility companies. They even make a profit. This situation creates a strong base of support for green energy policies. Attempting to limit them would go against the will of the people.
BUT WAS THERE NOT ANY OPPOSITION AFTER THE RENEWABLE WAVE STARTED TO GAIN MOMENTUM?
Of course there was. Utilities companies, such as RWE, have a significant pull in politics and they were not happy about losing their business. They provide many jobs and a significant income for many towns holding shares of RWE, so their opinion influence a lot of politicians. And since Vice-Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel wants to run for Chancellor in the next general elections, he needs broad support from the fossil-fuel-reliant states. Therefore, he would like to cap the renewables' share in the energy mix. He also managed to introduce a tax on photovoltaic cells.
Furthermore, when the Christian Democrats took power, they decided to put a stop to the nuclear phase-out, began by the Red-Green coalition. Nevertheless, after the Fukushima catastrophe, they did not have any choice and started to join in the national consensus and shut down further plants. Renewable energy has taken up the spot left by the shutdown of nine nuclear plants easily.
AND WHAT WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT IN THE PROCESS OF CONVINCING PEOPLE TO TAKE UP THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES?
The people and most importantly local communities. When local mayors realize how much money can be saved by renewable energy and by promoting prosument energy, they usually become local ambassadors of the idea. They would promote it among the others in the region and they would provide good practices to make the transition easier for others.
YOU HAVE MENTIONED SUBSIDIES FOR RENEWABLES. THERE IS AN ONGOING DEBATE IN POLAND ABOUT THE SUBSIDIES FOR THESE ENERGY SOURCES. WHAT, IN YOUR OPINION, MAKES SUCH SUBSIDIES EFFECTIVE?
Our law on renewables clearly states that subsidies for renewables have to decrease regularly. It forces viability and does not allow producers to become too reliant on government's support. Our current subsidy for photovoltaic is 12.5 eurocent per kWh. In 2004 it was 56 eurocents per kWh, so it was a fivefold decline.
On the other hand, the Polish situation is or will be better. Germany had to carry a burden of developing many new technologies. The system had to make sure that a photovoltaic plant has a guaranteed income for the next 20 years, despite the fact it is inefficient by current standards. This was necessary to drive the costs down.
Countries introducing renewable energy to their mix only now can therefore reap the benefits of our work. They start with the already efficient technology that we have created, so probably your support schemes will not be as costly as the German one.
SOME PEOPLE WOULD ARGUE THAT POLAND IS DIFFERENT FROM GERMANY IN ONE OTHER IMPORTANT ASPECT AS REGARDS GREEN ENERGY - OUR CLIMATE AND TERRAIN. THE WINDS ARE NOT AS STRONG AND THE DAYS ARE NOT AS SUNNY. WHAT CAN WE DO IN SUCH A SITUATION?
Well, this argument sounds like it was 10 years old - like somebody did not know about all these developments we have made in the technology of renewable energy productions. We can now build taller and more efficient windmills.
Technology also got cheaper - both in terms of economic means and environmental costs. For example, it takes between 1.5 to 2.5 years - depending on the sunlight - for a photovoltaic farm to recoup its investment. For a windmill, it is only one month. In addition, in terms of environmental costs, a windmill, in its expected lifetime, produces 20 to 25 times more energy than used to produce the windmill.
EVEN SO, THE LAST MONTH HAS SHOWN THAT COAL STILL HAS A STRONG POSITION IN POLAND. COULD CCS TECHNOLOGY BE A BRIDGE IN A SHIFT TO RENEWABLES?
I would be careful about CCS. There are two kinds of risks connected with this technology - economical ones and environmental ones.
I TAKE IT THAT THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS ARE THE LACK OF EXPERIENCE OF THIS TECHNOLOGY AND THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF STORING CARBON ON THE ENVIRONMENT. BUT WHAT ARE THE ECONOMIC RISKS?
Costs, to put it simply. Adding appropriate CCS facilities to the existing coal power plants often requires significant changes and so it is a very costly and lengthy process. But even for new power plants, CCS is still prohibitively expensive. If one spends such money on, say wind energy, one will get much more. It is simply not worth it to invest in CCS.
WHAT WOULD YOU RECOMMEND FOR POLAND THEN?
We are no teacher and we do not want to lecture - you have to find your own way! However, we have cleared some of the way for you, and your journey will be hopefully easier.
